Correspondingly, the battery replacement stations at night to charge the laptop battery, which play a grid Pinggu, improve grid efficiency role.
In the future, with the development of energy storage technology, a lot of stock battery to the grid at peak times the feedback energy, thus disguised form of clipping. In addition, the large number of new energy, including nuclear, hydro, solar and wind are not controllable, and the need to advance energy storage and peak shaving. Due to their instability, if direct Internet will pose a security risk. However, if the toshiba equium m50-244 battery replacement station can be transformed into energy storage center, a new energy to charge the battery, you can promote the development of the electric vehicle industry to the benefit of new energy sources.
Thus, in terms of the grid, battery replacement is a more favorable choice. This is also the State Grid and China Southern Power Grid in the pilot too fast charge station, decided in 2011 to battery replacement for the future direction of one of the reasons.
Charge service provider
Charging service providers can be a power grid companies, oil companies, or other third party, such as Better Place. Service providers have charging infrastructure and charge service. The advantage of the grid as a service provider lies in the control of the grid resources and plenty of money, but vulnerable to lack of experience to service the automotive industry. The oil companies on the contrary, such as Sinopec, will be in the country with more than 30,000 gas stations.
a) business model
Fast charge mode, the mode of operation of the service providers and traditional gas station is very similar to the main pay-per-consumer come charged and paid; or you can provide a packaged service, similar to the providers of mobile communications services package.
Battery Replacement mode is more complex. Basically, service providers buy batteries and consumers not to buy, service providers in accordance with the mileage charge for his services. The replacement battery can replace the station or centralized location in the off-peak hours in charge.
Better Place in Israel's case is a good reference of the currently available battery replacement model:
It must be pointed out that yes, the cost of the two business models for service providers to differ materially.
Fast charging stations up-front cost is relatively low, only the establishment of fast charging stations and install the fast charge machine (about 35 million units, each station on average about 10 units). HP elitebook 6930p Battery replacement stations, high upfront costs, because the service provider must be a one-time purchase of batteries, with extra batteries, and there put into the service station construction costs (approximately $ 3.5 million) for all users of its service stations.
Further analysis of the financial situation of the two models:
- Assuming that the peak service number 3 times, each lasting 1 hour, 50% of the total days of peak passenger flow
- A typical battery replacement stations every 3-5 minutes to replace a battery, a six charger car charging stations can charge to 80% in 30 minutes (without full of), then one a day change of power stations and fast charge stations can serve 72 trips
- Battery replacement mode, assuming that each car is equipped with a battery, but also in the station is equipped with battery backup (daily trips 1.5 to 2 times); depleted battery trickle charge station or central location. to extend HP ProBook 4710s battery life, while taking advantage of the low hours of cheap electricity. Battery cost each about $ 100,000, the life of five years (total number of charge cycles around 1500).
- Practice-based Better Place each battery replacement station cost 3.5 million yuan, and for 15 years.
- In the fast charge, assuming that each fast charge of $ 350,000 of the machines, and sustainable 15 years;
Under these assumptions, we can get the average annual cost of the two service providers shown in Figure 9.
Due to high battery costs, the cost of battery replacement stations up to about four times of fast charging stations; but to remove the battery cost and other costs due to low electricity and 18% lower than the quick charging stations.
Income aspects ProBook 4510s battery replacement station is even more impressive. For example, in Shenzhen, fast charge by the government department under the only commercial electricity rate charges, to stimulate the electric vehicle purchase. Fast charging station service providers have no pricing power, and therefore the low rate of return on investment.
Battery replacement was seen as a leasing business, the profit margin is much greater. As a reference to the charges of the Better Place in Israel and battery replacement stations up to 30% ~ 40% gross margin. But in China, in order to support the development of the electric vehicle market, the proportion in the early days may have to much lower.
b) the risk of possible
Select the service providers engaged in the Acer aspire 5738z battery replacement business in addition to the high investment costs, the need to consider a range of high-risk:
First of all, with the technological development of battery depreciation of a material adverse effect. The price of lithium-ion battery is expected due to technological progress and economies of scale will drop substantially. Kearney is expected the price to 2020 from the current $ 750 per kilowatt hour down to $ 150 / kWh. Secondly, the battery life may be much shorter than the manufacturers guarantee. Under these provisions, the electric car's battery must be able to charge and discharge more than 3,000 times. However, the test proved that most of the market in the sale of batteries with 500 reach, which will greatly reduce the battery's economy.
In addition, the frequent replacement of the battery may have security implications, in the worst case can lead to accidents.
Quick charge for the service providers, the risk is much lower.
4 Consumers
For consumers, battery replacement with fast charging prices there are some differences.
Example, a pure electric car in BYD E6 battery replacement mode, the total cost of ownership (five years), fast charge mode for 293,025 yuan to 310,374 yuan, which has considered the factors of government subsidies. An interesting phenomenon is that the battery replacement mode E6 cost structure and its file petrol cars M6 is very close, as shown in Figure 10.
Consumer views and habits must be considered. Fast charging them more traditional and familiar: for their own pay-per-use services, and have their own vehicles. Battery replacement, consumers need a lot of boot. However, for consumers, APPLE a1175 battery replacement more convenient, because it can be completed in just 3-5 minutes, fast charging takes 30 minutes; In addition, consumers in this mode without having to worry about battery life.
China's charging facilities for future
A. The three scenarios
Looking to the future (5-10 years), charging facilities market may go to three different scenarios:
- Battery replacement victory: battery replacement into the mainstream, mainly to serve high-performance electric vehicle fast charging market segments
- Fast charging victory: fast charging occupied most of the market, and battery Dell inspiron 1440 replacement of major public transport taxi and bus services
- Split the market: the two modes have their own gains in the market
From the current situation, the battery replacement in China gain the upper hand the possibility of battery replacement victory. Power Grid Corporation, part of the automobile manufacturers, technology providers (such as Better Place) has been established, they will jointly set up the standards of the battery replacement stations and battery replacement stations in major highway construction. Other car manufacturers may be forced to accept the battery replaced. In the field of cell manufacturing, is king. Electric vehicles will become a low-cost mainstream transport. Part of the international automobile manufacturers will choose to continue to focus on rapid charging service; However, the lack of fast charging a service network will cause a lot of constraints, most of their consumers depends on the family charging facilities.
However, if the technology and market development of the local car manufacturers failed "fast charge victory may come, driven by international car manufacturers and BYD. Through their technological advances and marketing strategies, most of the potential electric car buyers can be effective in attracting and forced power grid companies to be with. The battery presario cq50 Compaq replacement will focus on public taxis and buses, the special needs of the market.
"Split market" in this scene, the quick service market will be open to all competitors. Replacement Battery with fast charge coexist, each mode of service to different market segments.
Although we can not exclude the possibility of scene two and scene, scene one is most likely to become a reality. Grid Corporation of monopoly power and the inherent advantages of the local car manufacturers will play a decisive role.
B. different enterprises
Car manufacturers and battery manufacturers
For the local car manufacturers and battery manufacturers must quickly with the grid, service providers and technology developers cooperation, the rapid accumulation of experience in electric vehicle battery replacement. Reliability, safety and low cost are the main target.
Many international car manufacturers need to re-evaluation strategy for the Chinese market. China market should continue to use its global strategy, or should have a dedicated strategy?
The taxi is likely to be a segment of the market acceptance of electric vehicles. Dominant vendor in the taxi area, such as the public, the need for early to prepare.
Battery manufacturers key to R & D batteries for battery HP pavilion dv6134ea replacement mode. May need to reconsider its high-performance research can focus on the battery cell production and special battery pack design to leave the small innovation-driven company?
2 grid
As part of the smart grid program in the grid pre-planned grid upgrades, to actively promote the development of the electric vehicle industry; grid should give full assessment of the impact of charging facilities for peak load, to modernize the distribution network.
Grid Corporation should persuade the Government to cover the cost of electric vehicle infrastructure to the overall cost structure, and to persuade government departments to enhance the tariff therefore. Guangdong Province, for example, charging facilities and grid upgrades, the total construction cost is expected in the years 2012-2020 is about 2.4 billion yuan, the social electricity during a total of about 56,000 billion kWh will be increased to 0.0005 yuan per kWh can be achieved and expenditure balance, shown in Figure 11.
(3) service providers
Charge for electricity service providers should set the charge for electricity standard facilities together with car manufacturers, battery manufacturers and technology developers.
Charge for electricity service providers need to lobby the Government to promote competition in the market to avoid grid enterprises due to the inherent advantages and monopolize the market. The oil companies should make full use of its existing gas station network, and infrastructure upgrade. The original gas station in the central city will become the most important assets of the cooperation with other enterprises.
Effective business model is still experimental, innovative tools and an open mind attitude is essential for success. Should be leveraging the latest technology such as RFID to provide a unique customer experience, which will form a strong competitive advantage.
Service providers should be in the business model and customer service improvement efforts. For example, service providers may consider the formation of strategic cooperation with battery manufacturers, in order to reduce the cost of buying batteries and avoid the risk of battery life. Leasing compared with buying batteries, the battery manufacturer aspire 7735z battery is preferable, and this will greatly reduce the upfront costs.
Cooperation with automobile manufacturers, service providers can also consider the establishment of a predetermined price of electric vehicles to ensure that the repurchase plan, to catalyze the electric vehicle market take off.
C. Government policy
In China, government promotion and financial support is very important to the success of an industry. The Chinese government priority is to establish a competitive electric vehicle industry, it can provide important thrust for the automotive industry as well as the overall economic upgrade. Charge-for-power facilities should be to support this goal as the fundamental starting point.
The government needs to carry out a series of actions or discussion:
First, the need to convene the key enterprises in the industry to jointly develop standards. There is no unified national toshiba satellite a105 battery replacement or fast charging standard, the electric car industry can not be rapid development.
Second, charging facilities for the commercial interests of the competition should not be constrained to the overall development of the electric vehicle industry. Government policy should create an open environment to promote free competition. Different business model after testing the market, should not adopt the strict market control measures or a strong preference for state-owned enterprises.
Grid enterprises is the obligation of the distribution network upgrade, they should not be exclusively electric vehicle charging electric services market. Grid companies can charge for electricity services business, but should be prepared to eventually make it to operate independently
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